68k Instruction Reference

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This page documents all Motorola 68000‏ instructions, as well as their execution times. When instruction timings are shown, they are usually in the format of x(r/w), where x is the total number of processor cycles required for the instruction, and r/w is the total read and write cycles required for the instruction.

Instruction timings include instruction fetches, operand reads, as well as operand writes.

Address Calculation Times

It is important to remember that most instructions alter some form of memory, and thus, must calculate the address that will be accessed, which usually incurs extra processor cycles. The two columns "Byte/Word" and "Long" contain a number followed by two numbers in parenthesis. The number outside the parenthesis indicates the total number of processor cycles required, while the two numbers inside the parenthesis indicate the number of read and write cycles are required.

Timings include fetching of extension words, address computation, as well as fetching of memory operands.

Addressing Mode Byte/Word Long
Register
Dn Data Register Direct 0(0/0) 0(0/0)
An Address Register Direct 0(0/0) 0(0/0)
Memory
(An) Address Register Indirect 4(1/0) 8(2/0)
(An)+ Address Register Indirect with post-increment 4(1/0) 8(2/0)
-(An) Address Register Indirect with pre-decrement 6(1/0) 10(2/0)
d(An) Address Register Indirect with displacement 8(2/0) 12(3/0)
d(An, ix) Address Register Indirect with index 10(2/0) 14(3/0)
#xxx.W Absolute Short 8(2/0) 12(3/0)
#xxx.L Absolute Long 12(3/0) 16(4/0)
d(PC) Program Counter with displacement 8(2/0) 12(3/0)
d(PC, ix) Program Counter with index 10(2/0) 14(3/0)
#xxx Immediate 4(1/0) 8(2/0)

Move Instruction Execution Times

Note: The size of the index register (ix) does not affect the instruction execution time.

Byte and Word

Dn An (An) (An)+ -(An) d(An) d(An, ix) #xxx.W #xxx.L
Dn 4(1/0) 4(1/0) 8(1/1) 8(1/1) 8(1/1) 12(2/1) 14(2/1) 12(2/1) 16(3/1)
An 4(1/0) 4(1/0) 8(1/1) 8(1/1) 8(1/1) 12(2/1) 14(2/1) 12(2/1) 16(3/1)
(An) 8(2/0) 8(2/0) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 16(3/1) 18(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1)
(An)+ 8(2/0) 8(2/0) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 16(3/1) 18(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1)
-(An) 10(2/0) 10(2/0) 14(2/1) 14(2/1) 14(2/1) 18(3/1) 20(4/1) 18(3/1) 22(4/1)
d(An) 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1) 22(4/1) 20(4/1) 24(5/1)
d(An, ix) 14(3/0) 14(3/0) 18(3/1) 18(3/1) 18(3/1) 22(4/1) 24(4/1) 22(4/1) 26(5/1)
#xxx.W 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1) 22(4/1) 20(4/1) 24(5/1)
#xxx.L 16(4/0) 16(4/0) 20(4/1) 20(4/1) 20(4/1) 24(5/1) 26(5/1) 24(5/1) 28(6/1)
d(PC) 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1) 22(4/1) 20(4/1) 24(5/1)
d(PC, ix) 14(3/0) 14(3/0) 18(3/1) 18(3/1) 18(3/1) 22(4/1) 24(4/1) 22(4/1) 26(5/1)
#xxx 8(2/0) 8(2/0) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 12(2/1) 16(3/1) 18(3/1) 16(3/1) 20(4/1)

Longword

Dn An (An) (An)+ -(An) d(An) d(An, ix) #xxx.W #xxx.L
Dn 4(1/0) 4(1/0) 12(1/2) 12(1/2) 12(1/2) 16(2/2) 18(2/2) 16(2/2) 20(3/2)
An 4(1/0) 4(1/0) 12(1/2) 12(1/2) 12(1/2) 16(2/2) 18(2/2) 16(2/2) 20(3/2)
(An) 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 24(4/2) 26(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2)
(An)+ 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 24(4/2) 26(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2)
-(An) 14(3/0) 14(3/0) 22(3/2) 22(3/2) 22(3/2) 26(4/2) 28(4/2) 26(4/2) 30(5/2)
d(An) 16(4/0) 16(4/0) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2) 30(5/2) 28(5/2) 32(6/2)
d(An, ix) 18(4/0) 18(4/0) 26(4/2) 26(4/2) 26(4/2) 30(5/2) 32(5/2) 30(5/2) 34(6/2)
#xxx.W 16(4/0) 16(4/0) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2) 30(5/2) 28(5/2) 32(6/2)
#xxx.L 20(5/0) 20(5/0) 28(5/2) 28(5/2) 28(5/2) 32(6/2) 34(6/2) 32(6/2) 36(7/2)
d(PC) 16(4/0) 16(4/0) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2) 30(5/2) 28(5/2) 32(5/2)
d(PC, ix) 18(4/0) 18(4/0) 26(4/2) 26(4/2) 26(4/2) 30(5/2) 32(5/2) 30(5/2) 34(6/2)
#xxx 12(3/0) 12(3/0) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 20(3/2) 24(4/2) 26(4/2) 24(4/2) 28(5/2)

Standard Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required to perform the operations, store the results, and to read the next instruction. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

Headings in the table have the following meanings:

  • An = Address register operand
  • Dn = Data register operand
  • ea = Operand specified by effective address
  • M = Memory operand
Size op<ea>, An^ op<ea>, Dn op Dn, <M>
ADD B, W 8(1/0)+ 4(1/0)+ 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0)+** 6(1/0)+** 12(1/2)+
AND B, W - 4(1/0)+ 8(1/1)+
L - 6(1/0)+** 12(1/2)+
CMP B, W 6(1/0)+ 4(1/0)+ -
L 6(1/0)+ 6(1/0)+ -
DIVS - - 158(1/0)+* -
DIVU - - 140(1/0)+* -
EOR B, W - 4(1/0)*** 8(1/1)+
L - 8(1/0)*** 12(1/2)+
MULS - - 70(1/0)+* -
MULU - - 70(1/0)+* -
OR B, W - 4(1/0)+ 8(1/1)+
L - 6(1/0)+** 12(1/2)+
SUB B, W 8(1/0)+ 4(1/0)+ 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0)+** 6(1/0)+** 12(1/2)+
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.
  • ^: Word or long only
  • *: Maximum value (worst case)
  • **: Base time of six clocks is increased to eight if the effective address mode is register direct or immediate (effective address calculation time should also be added)
  • ***: The only available effective address mode is data register direct

DIVS and DIVU

The divide algorithm that is implemented in the 68000 gives a less than 10% time difference between best and worst case timings.

MULS and MULU

The multiplication algorithm implemented requires 38+2n clocks, where n is defined as:

  • MULU: n = the number of ones in the <ea>
  • MULS: n = concatanate the <ea> with a zero as the LSB; n is the resultant number of 10 or 01 patterns in the 17-bit source; i.e., worst case happens when the source is $5555

Immediate Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required to fetch the immediate operands, perform the operations, store the results, and to read the next instruction. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

Size op #, Dn op #, An op #, <M>
ADDI B, W 8(2/0) - 12(2/1)+
L 16(3/0) - 20(3/2)+
ADDQ B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/0)* 8(1/1)+
L 8(1/0) 8(1/0) 12(1/2)+
ANDI B, W 8(2/0) - 12(2/1)+
L 16(3/0) - 20(3/1)+
CMPI B, W 8(2/0) - 8(2/0)+
L 14(3/0) - 12(3/0)+
EORI B, W 8(2/0) - 12(2/1)+
L 16(3/0) - 20(3/2)+
MOVEQ L 4(1/0) - -
ORI B, W 8(2/0) - 12(2/1)+
L 16(3/0) - 20(3/2)+
SUBI B, W 8(2/0) - 12(2/1)+
L 16(3/0) - 20(3/2)+
SUBQ B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/0)* 8(1/1)+
L 8(1/0) 8(1/0) 12(1/2)+
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.
  • ^: Word only

Single Operand Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required for the single operand instructions. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

Size Register Memory
CLR B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0) 12(1/2)+
NBCD B 6(1/0) 8(1/1)+
NEG B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0) 12(1/2)+
NEGX B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0) 12(1/2)+
NOT B, W 4(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 6(1/0) 12(1/2)+
SCC B, false 4(1/0) 8(1/1)+
B, true 6(1/0) 8(1/1)+
TAS B 4(1/0) 10(1/1)+
TST B, W 4(1/0) 4(1/0)+
L 4(1/0) 4(1/0)+
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.

Rotate Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required for the shift and rotate instructions. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

Size Register Memory
ASR, ASL B, W 6+2n(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 8+2n(1/0) -
LSR, LSL B, W 6+2n(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 8+2n(1/0) -
ROR, ROL B, W 6+2n(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 8+2n(1/0) -
ROXR, ROXL B, W 6+2n(1/0) 8(1/1)+
L 8+2n(1/0) -
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.
  • n is the shift or rotate count

Bit Manipulation Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required for the bit manipulation instructions. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

In addition to the regular timing, the bit manipulation instructions take different amounts of cycles to execute when the bit value is either dynamically specified in a register, or static, specified as a literal.

Size Dynamic Static
Register Memory Register Memory
BCHG Byte - 8(1/1)+ - 12(2/1)+
Long 8(1/0)* - 12(2/0)* -
BCLR Byte - 8(1/1)+ - 12(2/1)+
Long 10(1/0)* - 14(2/0)* -
BSET Byte - 8(1/1)+ - 12(2/1)+
Long 8(1/0)* - 12(2/0)* -
BTST Byte - 4(1/0)+ - 8(2/0)+
Long 6(1/0)* - 10(2/0)* -
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.
  • *: Indicates maximum value (worst case)

Conditional Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required to execute the conditional instructions. Instructions have different timings depending on if the branch was taken or not taken.

Displacement Branch Taken Branch Not Taken
Bcc Byte 10(2/0) 8(1/0)
Word 10(2/0) 12(1/0)
BRA Byte 10(2/0) -
Word 10(2/0) -
BSR Byte 18(2/2) -
Word 18(2/2) -
DBcc CC true - 12(2/0)
CC false 10(2/0) 14(3/0)


|- |style="font-weight: bold; background: #f2f2f2; text-align: right;"|JMP||-||

JMP, JSR, LEA, PEA and MOVEM Instruction Execution Times

Size (An) (An)+ -(An) d(An) d(An, ix) #xxx.W #xxx.L d(PC) d(PC, ix)*
JMP - 8(2/0) - - 10(2/0) 14(3/0) 10(2/0) 12(3/0) 10(2/0) 14(3/0)
JSR - 16(2/2) - - 18(2/2) 22(2/2) 18(2/2) 20(3/2) 18(2/2) 22(2/2)
LEA - 4(1/0) - - 8(2/0) 12(2/0) 8(2/0) 12(3/0) 8(2/0) 12(2/0)
PEA - 12(1/2) - - 16(2/2) 20(2/2) 16(2/2) 20(3/2) 16(2/2) 20(2/2)
MOVEM Word 12+4n 12+4n - 16+4n 18+4n 16+4n 20+4n 16+4n 18+4n
M->R (3+n/0) (3+n/0) - (4+n/0) (4+n/0) (4+n/0) (5+n/0) (4+n/0) (4+n/0)
Long 12+8n 12+8n - 16+8n 18+8n 16+8n 20+8n 16+8n 18+8n
(3+2n/0) (3+2n/0) - (4+2n/0) (4+2n/0) (4+2n/0) (5+2n/0) (4+2n/0) (4+2n/0)
MOVEM Word 8+4n - 8+4n 12+4n 14+4n 12+4n 16+4n - -
R->M (2/n) - (2/n) (3/n) (3/n) (3/n) (4/n) - -
Long 8+8n - 8+8n 12+8n 14+8n 12+8n 16+8n - -
(2/2n) - (2/2n) (3/2n) (3/2n) (3/2n) (4/2n) - -
  • n is the number of registers to move.
  • *: The size of the index register does not affect execution time of the instruction.

Multi-Precision Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required to fetch both operands, perform the multi-precision operations, store the results, and to read the next instruction.

Size op Dn, Dn op M, M
ADDX B, W 4(1/0) 18(3/1)
L 8(1/0) 30(5/2)
CMPM B, W - 12(3/0)
L - 20(5/0)
SUB B, W 4(1/0) 18(3/1)
L 8(1/0) 30(5/2)
ABCD B 6(1/0) 18(3/1)
SBCD B 6(1/0) 18(3/1)

Miscellaneous Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required for the shift and rotate instructions. When indicated by a +, the effective address calculation time must be added to the time required for the instruction itself.

Size Register Memory
ANDI to CCR byte 20(3/0) -
ANDI to SR word 20(3/0) -
CHK - 10(1/0)+ -
EORI to CCR byte 20(3/0) -
EORI to SR word 20(3/0) -
ORI to CCR byte 20(3/0) -
ORI to SR word 20(3/0) -
MOVE from SR - 6(1/0) 8(1/1)+
MOVE to CCR - 12(1/0) 12(1/0)+
MOVE to SR - 12(1/0) 12(1/0)+
EXG - 6(1/0) -
EXT word 4(1/0) -
long 4(1/0) -
LINK - 16(2/2) -
MOVE from USP - 4(1/0) -
MOVE to USP - 4(1/0) -
NOP - 4(1/0) -
RESET - 132(1/0) -
RTE - 20(5/0) -
RTR - 20(5/0) -
RTS - 16(4/0) -
STOP - 4(0/0) -
SWAP - 4(1/0) -
TRAPV (No Trap) - 4(1/0) -
UNLK - 12(3/0) -
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to specified instruction execution time.

Move Peripheral Instruction Execution Times

The number of processor clocks shown in this table indicate the time required for the move peripheral instruction.

Size Register to Memory Memory to Register
MOVEP Word 16(2/2) 16(4/0)
Long 24(2/4) 24(6/0)

Exception Processing Execution Times

This table indicates the amount of processor cycles required for the processor to process an exception and begin executing it's handler. Clock periods include the time required for all stacking, the vector fetch, as well as the fetch of the first two instruction words of the handler routine.

Exception Cycles
Address error 50(4/7)
Bus error 50(4/7)
CHK instruction (trap taken) 44(5/3) +
Divide by Zero 42(5/3)
illegal instruction 34(4/3)
interrupt 44(5/3) *
privilege violation 34(4/3)
RESET ** 40(6/0)
Trace 34(4/3)
TRAP instruction 38(4/3)
TRAPV instruction (trap taken) 34(4/3)
  • +: Add effective address calculation time to execution time.
  • *: The interrupt acknowledge cycle is assumed to take four clock periods.
  • ** indicates the time from when RESET and HALT are first sampled as negated to when instruction execution starts.